材料PEOz在sigma的Material Matters上的介绍

西安瑞禧生物科技有限公司近期一直在推广一种叫聚(2-乙基-2-噁唑啉)，PEOz 一种可以替代PEG聚乙二醇的新材料，他比PEG更稳定优点更多，我们公司也一直在寻找资料试图叫更多客户认识和体验这款材料，包括我们推出的PLGA-PEOz和PCL-PEOz的试用活动，就在昨天我们无意中在sigma的官网里面的材料科学-DrugDelivery中的MaterialMatters资料里面的找到了关于介绍PEOz的资料，在SIGMA的资料介绍里确实明确的表述了PEOz作为新的聚合物可以替代PEG衍生物来应用，PEOz比PEG主链稳定性更高，活性基团取代率更高，有PH敏感性等特点。

Sigma-Aldrich公司的资料里面主要讲述了：

一：PEG虽然作为金牌标准被非常广泛的应用于基础生物医学中，但依然存在“较低的分散度”，“有限的生物相容性”，“有限的生物识别性”等缺点和局限性。例如：在从来没有使用过PEG药物的患者体内发现有抗PEG的抗体，这回加速PEG的血液清除。PEG还存在的一个缺点就是PEG的聚醚主链易氧化降解。

二：PEOz结构具有更高的稳定性、可调性、较高的生物相容性、更低的分散性、更高的活性基团取代率，具有PH敏感性和做成的二亲共聚物有一定的温敏。

三：PEOz可以做成胶束等材料用于药学研究

四：其他方面的应用

PEOz具有PH敏感性的原理：

PEOz 中含有叔酰胺基团,该基团及其相应的共振结构容易结合溶液体系中的氢离子,并与PEOz 分子间或分子内的其他叔酰胺基团形成氢键,在酸性条件下,大量氢键的形成会破坏PEOz 形成胶束的核-壳结构,从而降低胶束的稳定性,释放药物。

以下资料引用是Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC的Material Matters：

POLY(2-OXAZOLINE)S:

THE VERSATILE POLYMERPLATFORM FOR BIOMEDICINE

Introduction

The introduction of polymers into thebiomedical field has opened new avenues in tissue engineering, implant design,biosensing, and drug delivery. The synergetic combination of polymers andpharmaceuticals provides a means to address significant unmet medical needssuch as continuous sustained drug release, or delivery of high drug payloads tospecific tissues. Thus, polymers are a key component in areas such as cancertreatment, regenerative medicine, and gene therapy.

Poly(ethylene glycol), or PEG, also knownas poly(ethylene oxide), or PEO,is the most extensively used polymer inbiomedicine to increase the halflife and immunogenicity of proteins. AlthoughPEG remains the gold standard in polymer-based biomedical applications based onits low dispersity (Ð), biocompatibility, and limited recognition by the immunesystem (stealth behavior), it has some drawbacks and limitations. For example,anti-PEG antibodies have been observed in a significant number of patients,1,2including 25% of patients never treated with PEG drugs (due to its ubiquity incosmetics and food additives). This suggests the cause of the accelerated bloodclearance of PEG conjugates after multiple injections.3 In addition, thepolyether backbone of PEG is prone to oxidative degradation,4 a significantdrawback for long-term applications such as antifouling surfaces for implants5and probable induction of PEGmediated complement activation.6–8 Nevertheless,the success of PEG in biomedical applications has paved the way for thedevelopment of the next generation of polymeric biomaterials, with greaterversatility and more diverse architectural possibilities to meet the newchallenges in medicine and the requirements in drug loading, responsiveness,targeting and labeling.9–11

Poly(2-alkyl/aryl-2-oxazoline)s, commonlyabbreviated as PAOx, POx,or POZ, provide higher stability, tunability, andfunctionalization than PEG, while retaining the requisite features ofbiocompatibility,12 stealth behavior, and low dispersity. The excellentproperties of PAOx polymers enable their use in a wide variety of differentbiomedical applications,from targeted drug delivery and drug formulation totissue engineering and tissue adhesives. In particular, the extraordinarysynthetic versatility of PAOx allows the construction of complex polymericarchitectures with finely tunable physical properties in a defined manner,making it an attractive platform for developing new approaches in precision medicine.13,14This overview on biomedical applications of PAOx presents a special emphasis ontheir contribution and potential impact on drug delivery applications.

Propertiesand Biocompatibility

As shown in Figure 1, PAOx are readilyobtained via cationic ringopening polymerization (CROP) of 2-oxazolines,resulting in polymers with a backbone composed of tertiary amides that suppressinteractions with proteins and result in significantly reduced recognition bythe immune system.15

Functionalities can be introduced at bothends of the polymer chain by selection of the electrophilic initiator [alkylhalides, acid halides, (pluri) tosylates, (pluri)triflates, (pluri)nosylates,etc.] and nucleophilic terminating agent (amines, thiolates, carboxylates,etc.). Control of the polymer chainend functionality allows incorporation oftargeting units or radiolabels for imaging, while also enabling the use of PAOxfor surface or nanoparticle modification. Moreover, the side chains are tunableby modification of the substituent of the 2-oxazoline monomer, granting controlover the hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance and the lower critical solution temperature(LCST) of the polymer.16 This side-chain tunability enables the introduction ofmultiple functional groups along the polymer chain and the preparation ofhydrogels or highly drug-loaded delivery vehicles.

Figure 2 shows a series of PAOx with an increasingdegree of hydrophobicity. While poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline), or PMeOx, displays ahigher hydrophilicity than PEG,17 PAOx with longer alkylic side-chains exhibitsa thermoresponsive behavior with transition temperatures

progressively lowering with the polymerside-chain hydrophobicity. In contrast to the gold standard thermoresponsivepolymer for biomedical applications, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM, LCST= 32 °C, Prod.No. 806471), PAOx exhibits a minimal thermal hysteresis behaviorandthe transition temperature can be fine-tuned by copolymerization of hydrophilicand hydrophobic 2-oxazolines.18 This tunability makes PAOx an ideal polymer forthe development of stimuli-responsive smart materials,with applications indetection, diagnostics and triggered drug delivery.19–21

The structural similarity of PAOx withnatural polypeptides as shown in Figure 2 accounts for their stealth behaviorand excellent biocompatibility. PAOx exhibit a very fast blood clearance andremarkably low uptake in organs of the reticuloendotheliary system, asdemonstrated in biodistribution studies with radio-labeled 5 kDa PMeOx and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline),or PEtOx,22 that show an apparent clearance limit of 40 kDa.23 In vivo toxicityhas shown no adverse effects upon repeated intravenous injections (in rats) of10 and 20 kDa PEtOx in a broad range of concentrations (500 to 2,000 mg/kg).17Perhaps the most reassuring instance of PAOx biocompatibility is thedevelopment of the first commercial PAOx-based pharmaceutical, which iscurrently undergoing first-in-human Phase I clinical trials.24

As a result of their excellentbiocompatibility and synthetic versatility,PAOx are attracting a growinginterest as a future platform of choice in drug delivery, and significantprogress in this field has already been realized. Applications in developmenttackle current challenges in high drug loading targeted delivery, combinationtherapy, sustained drug release, and formulation. The main strategiesinvestigated using PAOx in drug delivery are summarized in Figure 3 and can bedifferentiated from systems where the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) iscovalently or non-covalently linked to the polymer.

Non-covalentlyLinked Drug Delivery

PAOx as an Excipient in DrugFormulation

Perhaps the most straightforwardcontribution of polymers to drug delivery is their use as excipients, where theAPI is dispersed together with the polymer that serves as a matrix to enhancethe drug solubility profile. The search for new drug excipients is motivated bythe poor water solubility properties of an estimated 90% of newly developed drugs.25Hot-melt extrusion (HME) or spray-drying of adequate polymers together with theAPI allows the formation of solid solutions in which the drug is stabilized inan amorphous form, highly increasing its solubility and bioavailability.DeGeest et al. prepared tablet formulations of metoprolol tartrate/PEtOx andfenofibrate/PEtOx via HME using Aquazol. For both the hydrophilic metoprololtartrate and the hydrophobic fenofibrate, release profiles could be eitheraccelerated or slowed down by variation of the polymer molar mass.26 Urbanovaand co-workers demonstrated similar tenability of the acetylsalicylic acidrelease profile in solid dispersions with PEtOx.27In addition, PAOxformulations have been shown to significantly enhancethe stability of sensitivecannabinoids, performing remarkably better than state-of-the-art commercialpolymers.28 Recently developed methods to produce the high molar mass, lowdispersity PAOx29 required for pharmaceutical applications are expected toaccelerate the use of PAOx in drug formulation.

PAOx-based Micelle Systems

Amphiphilic polymers self-assemble intomicelles or polymersomes in which the morphology can be selected by tuning thepolymer length and composition. Micelle systems are advantageous since they canenable high loading of drugs with poor water solubility, a challenge especiallyfor many new cancer treatments. In addition, micelles benefit from both passiveand active targeting because they tend to accumulate in cancer tissues due tothe enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect while serving as aplatform to incorporate targeting groups.

PAOx allow for highly defined polymerstructure and composition enabling fine tuning of the hydrophilic–hydrophobicbalance of the polymer by copolymerization and, thus, the control on micellesize and drug release properties. Most reported PAOx-based micellar systems featurea hybrid PAOx-polyester (PAOx-PE) diblock structure, or an ABA triblock structure synthesized bysequential addition of hydrophilic and hydrophobic 2-oxazoline monomers.

Zhao and co-workers used a Boc-NH-PEtOx-OHas a macroinitiator for the polymerization of ε-caprolactone and subsequentlyfunctionalized the hydrophilic PEtOx with a folate moiety. This resulted infolate-decorated micelles that could be loaded with doxorubicin (DOX, Prod. No.D1515) with capacities higher than 10 wt.%. These nanovectors showed better therapeuticefficacy and reduced toxicity than DOX when administered to nude mice bearingKB tumors.30 A similar targeted micelle system was loaded with indocyaninegreen, an FDA-approved near-infrared dye,allowing both tumor imaging as well aseffective photothermal therapy of KB tumors in vivo.31

Multiple targeting moieties can beincorporated in the micelle outer shell for enhanced cellular uptake bycombining differently functionalized PAOx, as recently reported for aPEtOx-b-P(d-l-lactide) system.32

A very well studied micelle systemdeveloped by Kabanov, Jordanand Luxenhofer comprises an ABAtriblock structure featuring a hydrophobic middle-block ofpoly(2-n-butyl-2-oxazoline), or PBuOx, and two outer blocks of PMeOx.33 Thispolymer system yields stable micelles with sizes

below 100 nm and unmatched highdrug-loading capacity of anti-cancer drugs with poor water solubility. Loadingcapacities of up to 50 wt.% have been reported for a range of new-generationtaxoids, increasing the intrinsic solubility of the APIs by up to 9,000times.34 Synergetic effects

arising from combining multiple APIs in themicelles have also been reported for these high capacity micelle systems.35Currently, Kabanov’s team is building a cheminformatic database to predictwhich drugs can best take advantage of these PAOx-based micelle carriers.

PAOx-based Hydrogels

The introduction of functionality across the polymer side-chain allowsa wide variety of strategies to prepare PAOx-based hydrogels.36,37Lecommandoux et al. introduced reactive amine units along the PEtOxchain by partial hydrolysis. The obtained PEtOx–PEI copolymers weresubsequently crosslinked with a bis-glycidyl ether in aqueous medium,resulting in biocompatible spherical nanogels with an optimal size fordrug delivery applications.38,39 Furthermore, injectable hydrogels basedon PEtOx-poly(ε-caprolactone)-PEtOx have demonstrated superiorbiocompatibility compared to commercial Matrigeland PluronicF127(Prod. No. P2443) for intraocular drug delivery in vivo.40

Dargaville et al. copolymerized MeOx and2-(dec-9-enyl)-2-oxazoline, obtaining hydrophilic polymers with alkeneside-chains that were functionalized with the CRGDSG peptide sequence topromote cell adhesion. Subsequent crosslinking in the presence of a dithiolyielded transparent hydrogels in a one-pot fashion. The mild conditions of the gelationprocess permitted the encapsulation of fibroblast cells during the UV-mediatedcuring process, obtaining three-dimensional cell-polymer constructs of interestin tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

CovalentlyLinked Drug Conjugates

PAOx-drug and PAOx-protein Conjugation orPAOxylation

The PAOxylationof a number of proteins like trypsin, catalase, serum albumin, insulin, oruricase has yielded conjugates with performances similar to their PEGylatedcounterparts.42,43 Interestingly, PEtOx-insulin conjugates were found todecrease blood glucose levels for up to 8 hours,four times longer than the freeinsulin.17 Kabanov et al. functionalized a number of piperazine-terminated PAOxwith an NHS-activated ester andprepared conjugates of horseradish peroxidase.44 Theprotein retained 90% of its activity, and the cellular uptake was found toincrease by three to six fold compared to unmodified protein when using anamphiphilic PMeOx- or PEtOx-b-PBuOx copolymer. Similar copolymers were used to conjugatesuperoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), showing enhanced neuronal uptake of theconjugate in vitro and effective passage through the bloodbrain barrier in vivo

Theintroduction of clickable groups along the hydrophilic PMeOx or PEtOx chain46has proven to be an effective strategy for protein and drug conjugation.Copolymers of MeOx and EtOx with 2-(pent-4-ynyl)-2-oxazoline, or PynOx,provided multiple linkage points for the stabilization of virus-like particles(VLP). An icosahedral VLP was formed by supramolecular assembly of 180 copiesof the coat protein of bacteriophage Qβ, and its surface was decorated withazide groups

using anazido-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. Following copper-catalyzed azide-alkynecycloaddition (CuAAC) click with PMeOx/PEtOx-ran-PynOx copolymers resulted inPAOx-wrapped VLPs with remarkably high thermal stability. Furthermore, theparticle size could be controlled by the polymer length and attachment density.

SerinaTherapeutics has used similar PEtOx-ran-PynOx polymers to create a one-weeklong sustained release of rotigotine for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.The API is linked to the polymer via CuAAC click chemistry using abiodegradable ester spacer, enabling sustained drug

release thatleads to constant plasma levels.48 This polymer, named SER‑214, iscurrently undergoing Phase I clinical trials and, if successful, will becomethe first FDA-approved PAOx therapeutic.

Hoogenboom etal. introduced methyl ester functionalities across the polyoxazoline chain bycopolymerization of EtOx with 2-methoxycarbonylethyl-2-oxazoline (MestOx).49The authors

demonstratedthat the resulting methyl ester functionalities decorating the polyoxazolinechain constitute a highly versatile reactive handle, as a wide variety ofmoieties can be introduced by direct amidation with amines. This syntheticapproach further expands the PAOx toolbox for the

preparation ofnovel PAOx-drug conjugates

Future multipledrug-loaded PAOx-API conjugates will most definitely be improved by theaddition of targeting moieties in the polymer chainends, such as folate groupsor antibodies. There is, thus, ample room for advances in this fascinatingfield.

PAOx-functionalized Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles(NPs) are able to accommodate multiple functional groups while providing uniqueoptical, electronic, or magnetic properties and, therefore, have enormouspotential in biomedical sciences, including imaging and drug delivery. Whenconnected to NPs, PAOx form a stealth

corona thatprovides nanoparticle stabilization, prevents rapid clearance,and serves as areliable scaffold for the incorporation of bioactive compounds. In thiscontext, Benetti and co-workers functionalized PMeOx-OH with nitrodopamine forthe functionalization of ZnO nanocrystals of interest for imaging.Functionalization with 4 kDa PMeOx yielded individually dispersed nanocrystalswith an outstanding stability of up to 9 months

In addition togranting stability and stealth effect to NPs, PAOx thermoresponsive propertieshave been exploited to prepare responsive or smart NPs that aggregate upon theapplication of external stimuli.20 Recently, fluorescent NPs based on apolyorganosiloxane were functionalized with the thermo-responsivepoly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline), or PiPrOx, (Figure 2).Below 31 °C, the PiPrOxnanoparticles exhibit an anti-fouling behavior when dispersed in aserum-containing medium. However, heating beyond this temperature triggers theadsorption of serum proteins on the

nanoparticles,reversible by lowering the temperature. This strategy could be applied to increasenanoparticle agglomeration in the targeted cells or organs by applying localheating

Finally, asseen before for PAOx-based micelles and conjugates, PAOx can enhancenanoparticle permeation through biological barriers.Khutoryanskiy et al. used 5kDa alkyne-terminated PEtOx to functionalize thiolated silica NPs via thiol-enechemistry. The resulting NPs exhibited enhanced permeation through porcinegastric mucosa ex vivo in a similar way as analogous PEGylated NPs.52Considering the straightforward tunability of PAOx composition andhydrophilic–hydrophobic balance, further developments are expected to bringeven more efficient drug delivery vehicles with improved ability to permeatebiological barriers

西安瑞禧生物科技有限公司可以提供非常广泛的PEOz产品：

BlockCopolymers PEOz

mPEOz-PCL

mPEOz-PLGA

mPEOz-PLA

PCL-PEOz-MAL

PCL-PEOz-NHS

PCL-PEOz-NH2

PCL-PEOz-COOH

PCL-PEOz-Biotin

PCL-PEOz-Folate

PCL-PEOz-cRGD

PCL-PEOz-FITC

PLGA-PEOz-NHS

PLGA-PEOz-MAL

PLGA-PEOz-COOH

PLGA-PEOz-NH2

PLGA-PEOz-Folate

PLGA-PEOz-FITC

PLGA-PEOz-OH

PLA-PEOz-NHS

PLA-PEOz-MAL

PLA-PEOz-COOH

PLA-PEOz-NH2

PLA-PEOz-Folate

PLA-PEOz-FITC

PLA-PEOz-OH

PEOzylation, Lipids(PEOz-PE) PEOz

DSPE-PEOz

DPPE-PEOz

DSPE-PEOz-NHS

DSPE-PEOz-NH2

DSPE-PEOz-COOH

DSPE-PEOz-MAL

DSPE-PEOz-Biotin

DSPE-PEOz-FA

DSPE-PEOz-cRGD

DSPE-PEOz-FITC

Amine(NH2) PEOz

mPEOz-NH2 

NH2-PEOz-NH2

NH2-PEOz-COOH

NH2-PEOz-SH

NH2-PEOz-Alkyne

NH2-PEOz-FA

NH2-PEOz-MAL

SuccinimidylCarboxymethyl（NHS）PEOz

mPEOz-NHS

NHS-PEOz-NHS

NHS-PEOz-COOH

NHS-PEOz-OH

NHS-PEOz-MAL

Acryloyl-PEOz-NHS

CarboxylicAcids (COOH) PEOz

mPEOz-COOH

COOH-PEOz-COOH

MAL-PEOz-COOH

Acryloyl-PEOz-COOH

Alkyne-PEOz-COOH 

Biotin-PEOz-COOH

Biotin(Bio) PEOz

mPEOz-Biotin

Biotin-PEOz-Biotin  

Biotin-PEOz-NHS

Biotin-PEOz-MAL 

Biotin-PEOz-NH2 

Biotin-PEOz-OH

Biotin-PEOz-Alkyne

Maleimides(MAL) PEOz

mPEOz-MAL

MAL-PEOz-MAL

MAL-PEOz-OH 

MAL-PEOz-NH2

MAL-PEOz-Alkyne 

MAL-PEOz-OPSS 

Thiols(SH) PEOz

mPEOz-SH

HS-PEOz-SH

HS-PEOz-COOH 

Alkyne-PEOz-SH 

HS-PEOz-NHS

HS-PEOz-Biotin

HS-PEOz-Silane 

Silane(SIL) PEOz

mPEOz-Silane  

Silane-PEOz-Silane 

Silane-PEOz-Biotin   

Silane-PEOz-NHS   

Silane-PEOz-COOH  

NH2-PEOz-Silane   

MAL-PEOz-Silane  

HO-PEOz-Silane  

Alkyne-PEOz-Silane 

Hydroxyls(OH) PEOz

HO-PEOz-COOH  

HO-PEOz-NHS  

HO-PEOz-NH2  

HO-PEOz-Alkyne 

HO-PEOz-SH   

ProtectedAmines (FMOC, tBOC) PEOz

BOC-NH-PEOz-OH 

FMOC-NH-PEOz-OH

BOC-NH -PEOz-NH2

FMOC-NH-PEOz-NH2

BOC-NH -PEOz-COOH

FMOC-NH-PEOz-COOH 

BOC-NH -PEOz-NHS

FMOC-NH-PEOz-NHS

BOC-NH-PEOz-MAL

FMOC-NH-PEOz-MAL

BOC-NH-PEOz-SH

FMOC-NH-PEOz-SH

OrthopyridylDisulfide (OPSS) PEOz

OPSS-PEOz-NHS 

OPSS-PEOz-OPSS

OPSS-PEOz-NH2 

OPSS-PEOz-COOH

OPSS-PEOz-Biotin

OPSS-PEOz-OH 

Fluorescent PEOz

mPEOz-FITC

FITC-PEOz-NHS 

FITC-PEOz-MAL

FITC-PEOz-NH2  

FITC-PEOz-SH  

FITC-PEOz-COOH

FITC-PEOz-Biotin  

FITC-PEOz-N3

FITC-PEOz-Silane 

FITC-PEOz-Alkyne 

FITC-PEOz-OH

mPEOz-RB 

RB-PEOz-OH 

RB-PEOz-NH2 

RB-PEOz-COOH

RB-PEOz-MAL 

CY3-PEOz-NH2

CY3-PEOz-COOH

CY3-PEOz-NHS

CY3-PEOz-MAL

CY3-PEOz-SH

CY3-PEOz-Biotin

CY5-PEOz-NH2

CY5-PEOz-COOH

CY5-PEOz-NHS

CY5-PEOz-MAL

CY5-PEOz-SH

CY5-PEOz-Biotin

CY7-PEOz-NH2

CY7-PEOz-COOH

CY7-PEOz-NHS

CY7-PEOz-MAL

CY7-PEOz-SH

CY7-PEOz-Biotin

含亲水段聚合物PEOz的二亲共聚物：

我们可以提供PEOz和PEI、壳聚糖、聚赖氨酸PLL，聚谷氨酸，聚天冬氨酸，葡聚糖，透明质酸，PS聚苯乙烯等等形成二亲共聚物用于药物载体的制备

西安瑞禧生物科技有限公司可以提供以下材料：

PEOz-PEI

PEOz-Chitosan

PEOz-PLL

PEOz-PGA 温度和pH值双敏感

PEOz-PASP

PEOz-Dextran

PEOz-HA

PEOz-PS

PEOz-PMMA

PEOz-PNIPAM